Wednesday, February 17, 2016


Scientists successfully train immune system to kill cancer

Researchers in three studies find modified T-cells can kill cancer, with one scientist suggesting they can be programmed for long-term protection against the disease.
By Stephen Feller   |   Feb. 16, 2016 at 10:19 AM
Scientists at three universities found reprogramming immune cells to kill leukemia cells was very successful in patients, but also carries side effects more dangerous than standard cancer treatment. Photo by Juan Gaertner/Shutterstock
WASHINGTON, Feb. 16 (UPI) -- An experimental T-cell immunotherapy had "extraordinary" results with leukemia patients -- sending most into remission -- but scientists caution that side effects pose serious dangers for patients.
Three studies presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science found reprogramming patients' own immune cells to target specific molecules in cancer led to high rates of remission, though more testing is required before the treatment can be used more widely.
Reprogramming immune cells is often a last resort, researchers said, because of the potential for cytokine release syndrome or overloading defense cells. Many patients participating in the small clinical trial developed fever, and two died during treatment.
Scientists say the potential of the therapy for patients who have not been helped by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or other treatments remains despite the risks involved, and its efficacy in the recent trial shows it could be a powerful treatment for some cancer patients.
"Essentially what this process does is it genetically reprograms the T-cell to seek out and recognize and destroy the patient's tumor cells," Dr. Stanley Riddell, a researcher at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, told the BBC. "[The patients] were really at the end of the line in terms of treatment options and yet a single dose of this therapy put more than ninety percent of these patients in complete remission where we can't detect any of these leukemia cells."
Studies conducted at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and at the Technical University of Munich display methods of removing T-cells from patients, altering their targets for specific cancers, and injecting them back into patients.
Ridell called data from the studies "unprecedented" as 94 percent of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had symptoms completely stop, and more than 80 percent of patients with other blood cancers responded to the therapy, with more than half seeing complete remission.
Dr. Chiara Bonini, a hematologist at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute, said further research is needed on the longevity of the treatment. A long-term treatment involving the modified memory of T-cells to automatically attack cancer it was trained for earlier would be ideal, and she told The Guardian she thinks some type of product for wider use is "very close."
"This is really a revolution," Bonini said. "T-cells are a living drug, and in particular they have the potential to persist in our body for our whole lives."

Treatment saved ~90% of terminal cancer patients, but it has scary side effects

Scientists cautiously optimistic about reprogramming immune cells to wipe out cancer.

Shrinking of lymphoma after CAR T-cell therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) images showing large tumor mass in the kidney (red arrow) prior to CAR-T cell therapy that completely regressed on a repeat PET scan performed 2 months after CAR-T cells.
Fred Hutch News Service
WASHINGTON—Militarizing the body’s natural immune responses so that it can fight off cancerous uprisings has been seen as a promising strategy for years. Now, a sneak peek of data from a small clinical trial suggests that the method may in fact be as useful as doctors hope—but there are still some serious kinks to work out.
In a trial of 29 people with a deadly form of leukemia—acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)—and no other treatment options, 27 went into remission after scientists plucked some of their immune cells, engineering them to fight cancer, then replaced them. The method was also successful at treating handfuls of patients with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The preliminary, unpublished findings were reported at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington.
Enlarge / Stained bone marrow from a patient with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
While the early result suggests the treatment can be effective for these types of cancer, there were severe problems during the trials: several patients suffered extreme, full-body inflammation (cytokine release syndrome) in response to the treatment and needed to be placed in intensive care. Two patients died.
The risks may seem acceptable to terminal cancer patients who have exhausted all other treatment options and are facing a prognosis of just months to live. However, the severe reactions set the treatment option apart from standard cancer therapies, which are effective for many leukemia patients and have less dangerous side effects. It’s also unclear if the therapy would be widely effective against other types of cancer that have solid tumors, such as breast cancer.
It’s a “highly effective” strategy, said Stanley Riddell of the Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center in Seattle, who presented the trial data at the meeting. But, he cautioned, there are challenges ahead to make the treatment safer and useful for other cancers.
In general, the treatment works by first collecting a patient’s immune cells—specifically T cells that patrol the body, seeking and destroying invading germs or foreign enemies. To do this, the cells look for certain molecular patterns found on those cellular combatants. But, once in lab, researchers can reprogram the T cells’ pattern recognition (antigen receptors) so that the cells target cancer cells. In this case, the resulting T cells, called CAR-T cells for “chimeric antigen receptors,” identify a protein called CD19, which is found on cells involved with lymphomas and leukemias.
This isn’t the first time such cells have been used in humans. Late last year, researchers in London announced they had engineered CAR T cells to save the life of a toddler with ALL.
Researchers are now working on ways to tweak the T cells and the treatment strategy to make safe, long-lasting cancer cures, researchers at the meeting reported.

Engineered immune cells yield "unprecedented" results in early cancer trials

T-Cell therapy has delivered promising results in early trials involving patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
T-Cell therapy has delivered promising results in early trials involving patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Credit: NICHD/J. Lippincott-Schwartz(CC2.0))
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Removing immune cells, training them to attack cancer and then reintroducing them into the body has emerged as a promising approach to overcoming the deadly disease. And researchers are now reporting a significant advance in this area, with one early experiment on advanced blood cancer patients producing "unprecedented" response rates of more than 93 percent.
Harnessing the body's own immune system to fight off cancer has been heralded as the fourth pillar in cancer therapies, joining chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical removal. While our immune system kicks itself into action as a virus begins to infect us, cancers are able to elude the predatory cells and continue to multiply and grow.
So scientists are exploring ways to give the immune system the upper hand, through what is known as immunotherapy. One arm of this involves harvesting the body's T cells, which are central to the immune response, and using gene transfer to equip them with potent molecules called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs).
When these CAR T cells are introduced back into the body through a vein, they recognize certain proteins on cancer cells, attach themselves and start to kill them off directly. And because these engineered cells can continue to multiply after being returned to the body, the thinking is that the therapy would not need to be administered on an ongoing basis.
Various research groups have had some success in the lab using this approach, called adoptive immunotherapy. One is developing an injectable biogel loaded with T cells for a more targeted treatment, while another pairs the technique with the other major branch of immunotherapy to double-team the tumors with cancer-attacking antibodies.
But scientists are now reporting some truly impressive results from an ongoing study at Seattle's Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Beginning in 2013, the trial involved 29 patients with advanced blood cancer – specifically acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in which an overproduction of immature white blood cells crowd the bone marrow and stop the production of normal blood cells. Some of the patients had not responded to other treatments, previously relapsed and were not expected to survive more than a few months.
The group received the experimental immunotherapy and of the 29 patients, 27 experienced sustained remissions. Following their infusions, these patients showed no trace of cancer in their bone marrow.
"This is unprecedented in medicine, to be honest, to get response rates in this range in these very advanced patients," researcher Stanley Riddell said when presenting the findings at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science over the weekend.
Riddell's team is continuing to perfect the engineered CAR T cells in an effort to make them safer and more effective. One dangerous side effect of CAR T-cell therapy is cytokine-release syndrome. As the T cells enter the body they produce chemical messengers called cytokines, which help them carry out their task. But this massive release of cytokines into the bloodstream can cause high fever, drops in blood pressure and also death.
The team managed the risk by giving patients with the highest tumor burdens the lowest doses of T cells, which resulted in no high-burden patients experiencing severe side effects. Before this approach was adopted, however, seven patients experienced cytokine-release syndrome so severe they required intensive care.
Meanwhile, in a separate study concerning patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 19 of 30 to receive the immunotherapy experience partial or complete responses.
While the early numbers are promising, the research has not yet been peer-reviewed and published. And the researchers themselves urge caution. While it has proven effective in these particular circumstances on patients with advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia, it doesn't represent a blanket approach to curing cancer.
"Much like chemotherapy and radiotherapy, it's not going to be a save-all," says Riddell.

Saturday, February 13, 2016

THE BOLD WAY THIS WOMAN IS FIGHTING STAGE-4 METASTATIC BREAST CANCER



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Danielle Smit had a devastating diagnosis of Stage-4 Metastatic Breast Cancer in April of 2014 and was given two years to live.
Rather than curl up and quit she made a decision to fight the disease with every fiber of her being. And part of that fight would be learning to finally love her body as it is, right now.
Which meant feeling beautiful.
Interviewing Dani I realized we have to accept how important it is for every woman to feel beautiful.
It's not vainglorious. Beauty makes us feel powerful, alive, vibrant and confident.
And there are a million different iterations of Beauty we're beginning to more fully embrace; including women of all sizes, shapes, ages, ethnicities and women who wear the battle scars of living.
When we feel beautiful we are beautiful.
An illness like cancer can strip us of feeling beautiful as quickly as it strips us of our hair, eyelashes, eyebrows and, sometimes, even our breasts.
But it can also remind us that life is ephemeral, with no time for self-loathing.
Marlene Zaleznick and Beth Sanders' have developed The Worthiness Project,which includes body coaching and fine art photography, to help women struggling with body image issues. When they met Danielle in a women's empowerment group, they offered their services with no fee.
Danielle chose to wear a long, silky wig for the shoot because it made her feel beautiful.
Here is my Q & A with Danielle after Marlene and Beth coached and photographed her:
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Can you tell us what led you to see a doctor and what your initial diagnosis was?
I felt a small lump in my breast in February 2014, but I'd just taken a job and had no health insurance. I waited several months until I was able to afford (...) biopsies.
When I finally saw my oncologist and all the results were in, I was told that I had Stage-4 metastatic breast cancer that was in my liver, lungs, sternum and both breasts.
I was told in April 2014 that I had two years to live.
Danielle told me the first thing she had to deal with, after her diagnosis, was the anger she felt toward herself for waiting so long to see the doctor. She's had to forgive herself to take on the task of chasing life.
How did you handle the emotions this brought about? How did you stay positive?
It's (...) difficult to explain how a diagnosis like that sends your mind spinning. Emotions that come are fast and furious, especially when you have children (Danielle has an 18-year-old daughter). It's a very scary thing to start thinking about your child's life without you in it. It's (...) devastating.
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But I'd studied natural medicine throughout my life and also about how powerful the mind can be.
I knew that it was going to be critical that I stay positive, because I truly believe that our attitude can have an effect on our bodies.
It was also really important for me to not speak words of cancer. I never say "I have cancer," because I don't want to own it.
Instead I say, "I received a cancer diagnosis." So you'll never hear me say "my cancer." And to this day, almost two years after my diagnosis, I still don't think of myself as someone who has "cancer."​
I had to decide if I was going to let that diagnosis and prognosis dictate how I moved forward.
I decided that I wanted to live and was going to move forward with that intention, doing everything in my power to help heal myself.
What medical interventions do you take and what did they do to your body? 
I became a vegan and eliminated caffeine, sugar and alcohol from my diet (...) I also tried natural remedies.
Because the mass in my breast was so large and so painful by this point, and despite everything I knew about how toxic it is, I felt that chemotherapy was going to be my best option.
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I decided that I would not see the chemicals going into my body as negative.
I put a post-it note on my chemotherapy bag that said "elixir of life, love and healing." Instead of seeing the chemotherapy as poison going into my body, I saw it as a substance that was healing my body.
How did you feel about your body post-chemotherapy?
The chemotherapy did indeed reduce the mass in my breast and when it did, it took a full breast size from me in one breast only, leaving me with a body I didn't recognize or feel comfortable in.
I'm fortunate that I didn't have to have a mastectomy, but it's almost as if I did.
Gone are the days of tank tops and sundresses not to mention part of my femininity. I have really had to work at accepting my body the way that it is.
And let's face it, as a single woman, I can't imagine a man would want to date a woman who has a metastatic disease.
But I have thought about what it would be like to be intimate with a man with this body.
Tell us about why you buried your hair and what that symbolized to you?
When my hair started to fall out, I happened to be surrounded by my whole family. We braided my hair and then cut it off.
From early on in my diagnosis and treatment, I'd come to the conclusion that there was a lesson for me in this experience.
Between Louise Hay and Anita Moorjani, I'm convinced that the lesson I needed to learn was to love myself.
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Like most women, I gave and gave of myself but when it came to ME, I always put myself and my needs last. So I planned a ceremony to release my past and all the negative ways I had treated myself.
I wrote down all that I wanted to release ... my self-loathing and negative self talk; my inability to be nurturing toward myself.
I let go of putting myself last, of hurtful thoughts and words about myself and my appearance.
I let go of disease in my body. I wouldn't hold it or own it as "my cancer."
Once I had my list, I folded it and put it in a box with my hair and then I buried it in a ceremony to celebrate ME - what I wanted to let go and what I intended to create.
When I really understood that I had not been loving toward myself and that there was a lesson for me to recognize myself as worthy, I knew that I needed to do something to help make a difference in this world.
One incredibly positive aspect of Danielle's diagnosis was that it became a catalyst for her to start her own non-profit organization.
I want to inspire young people to love themselves and to know that they have value an worth.
So I founded Earth Tribe Ranch, a sustainable living community for homeless young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 where they come together with animals in need to heal, learn and thrive. www.earthtriberanch.org.
We spent months talking with local agencies about a location and now we're seeking monetary support. While we have the support of all the local people and agencies, we're still seeking capital funding.​
What made you feel like you wanted to have photographs taken of you both clothed and unclothed?
​​I'd known about the incredible work Marlene Zaleznick and Beth Sanders are doing to help women love themselves and their bodies.
I saw some of Beth's photos and knew that I might be able to get some healing from allowing myself to be vulnerable in front of the camera.
I think it's just the idea of being seen by someone else that sees you as beautiful,no matter what, that is healing.
When Beth offered to shoot me without a fee, I felt that I needed to do this for my own benefit and to maybe be able to view myself in a different way.
What was it like during the photographic session for you? What feelings, if any, came up?
It could be unsettling taking your clothes off in front of anyone, but I felt very safe and comfortable with Beth. I think the number one thing I felt was the concern about exposing a part of myself that makes me feel the most vulnerable.
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How has having the session and looking at the photos affected the way you feel about your body?
I'm thrilled that I did it. Because it's part of why I started the non-profit.
I want to teach young girls to love themselves. Start now, don't wait until you're forty-seven. Don't let it be a diagnosis that forces you to love yourself.
Where Danielle is today:
4-months after her diagnosis, Danielle went into remission.
Pet-scans showed nothing in her liver, but cancer was showing up in her sternum and lungs.
Now doctors are simply monitoring her cancer.
If Danielle is ever at a point when blood cell numbers become a concern they will discuss what to do next. Cancer drugs are meant to keep the cancer in check.
Danielle is taking it one day at a time. She says, "I believe everything is possible."
All photos are by Beth Sanders. If you'd like to see more of Shannon Colleary's Love Your Body Now stories CLICK HERE! Be sure to opt-in to Bradley-Colleary's bi-weekly newsletter to not miss a thing.

Monday, February 8, 2016

X-rays and nanoparticles combine to kill cancer deep in the body

A new technique uses X-rays bombarding cerium fluoride nanoparticles to create a form of high-energy oxygen
A new technique uses X-rays bombarding cerium fluoride nanoparticles to create a form of high-energy oxygen (Credit: CNBP)
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Cancer may be terrifying, but cancerous cells aren't actually that difficult to kill. The tricky bit is doing so without killing the host or making them dreadfully ill in the process. The key is treatments that only target the cancer cells while leaving the surrounding healthy tissue alone. By combining X-rays with nanoparticles, a team of researchers from the Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) in Australia has found a way of combating cancer deep inside the body in this way using a simple chemical.
According to the CNBP, one chemical that cancer cells are particularly vulnerable to is singlet oxygen. Though it has the same molecular structure as common O2, singlet oxygen is a high-energy form of oxygen that is very reactive toward organic compounds, which allows it to kill or inhibit cancer cells. However, the hard part is getting enough singlet oxygen in the vicinity of the cancer cells without harming the patient.
The CNBP approach is a variation on what is called photodynamic therapy. In this, light-sensitive compounds are placed next to the cancer cells. When activated by visible of near-infrared light, the material creates short lived, highly-activated molecular by-products that are toxic to the malignant cells.
Where the CNBP therapy differs is in using X-rays beamed at cerium fluoride (CeF3) nanoparticles, which are induced to conglomerate around the cancer cells. When struck by X-rays, the cerium fluoride releases singlet oxygen in quantities that, for the first time, can be accurately measured. This means that not only is the method potentially more effective than more conventional photodynamic therapy, but by using X-rays the diagnosis and treatment can reach deep inside the body instead of in the shallow tissues that longer wavelengths of light are restricted to.
Ewa Goldys, Deputy Director of the CNBP
"What we've shown through our measurements is the applicability of the photodynamic therapy approach to effectively treat tumours within," says Ewa Goldys, Deputy Director of the CNBP. "The beauty of this type of treatment is that it uses different biological pathways to kill cells as compared to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other current cancer practices. Deep tissue photodynamic therapy will potentially provide new treatment options for the cancer patients of the future."
According to the CNBP, the next step in the program will be to test different nanoparticles for improved singlet oxygen production.
The research was published in Scientific Reports.

Thursday, February 4, 2016

Using imagery to meditate can help with stress of cancer
By Sheryl M. Ness, R.N. February 2, 2016
I recently helped a young woman at the Cancer Education Center who asked about our meditation and relaxation sessions. She told me she was dealing with a new diagnosis of breast cancer and had two young children at home. She was quite stressed and reached out for help.
As I was showing her the resources and tools available, I asked if she had 5-10 minutes to try a guided imagery exercise. She was surprised that in such a short time, I could walk her through getting started with this type of relaxation exercise. She agreed, and we got started.
Here’s what we did, and what you can do.
  • Start by finding a quiet and comfortable place to sit.
  • Let your body gently relax, including your shoulders and arms.
  • Close your eyes and breathe in slowly through your nose (count to 4). Exhale slowly, again counting to 4.
  • Once you have a steady breathing rhythm, your body will start to relax.
  • Now, imagine a place of peace and relaxation. This could be a place you remember or a place you'd like to be. It may also include being with a person who brings you happiness and joy.
  • Use all of your senses to picture and experience this. What/who do you see? What do you hear? Do you smell anything? What do you feel?
  • With each of these questions, go deeper into the meditation to create the sensation that the place is alive in your mind — like you're actually there.
  • Don't worry about doing it right or wrong — just enjoy the experience.
Once she was deep into meditation, I gave her a few minutes without saying anything to really get into the imagery. After 5 minutes, I gently had her open her eyes. She looked so different than when I had first met her, it was a dramatic change. Her eyes were now warm and joyful, her body was relaxed and she had a beautiful smile on her face.
When I asked if she'd share what she'd imagined, she said it was sitting in a comfortable chair next to the fireplace in her grandmother's house. She said she could smell bread baking and could even hear the hardwood floor creaking as her grandmother walked toward her to greet her.
She saw her grandmother's face and felt the warmth of the fire. Being with her grandmother is one of her favorite memories. She felt safe, loved and at peace.
We talked about how your mind can have a powerful influence on your body. If you're in a place of peace and relaxation, your body also relaxes. I encouraged her to use this imagery any time that she felt stress taking over.
Learning to relax is more than just getting away from stressors, because your mind can still be thinking about stress. Taking the mind to a relaxed place through imagery can be effective for most people. Once you learn how to use guided imagery, you can use it when and where you need to.
Try this exercise and share your thoughts or previous experiences using guided imagery. What did you notice and how do you feel it might help you?